Texture Measures from GLCM – MATLAB CODE

We have seen how to generate the GLCM matrix and as a continuation, we will focus on the different measures that can be obtained from the GLCM matrix. These measures are broadly classified into three different groups.

Contrast Group:

• Contrast (Con)
• Dissimilarity (Diss)
• Homogeneity (Hom)

Orderliness Group:

• Angular Second Moment (Asm)
• Maximum Probability (Max)
• Entropy (Entropy)

Statistics Group:

• GLCM Mean
• GLCM Variance
• GLCM Correlation

GLCM matrix contains the number of occurrences of two grey levels and let’s perform normalization to measure the probability of occurrence of these two pixels.

NORMALIZATION:

Divide the GLCM matrix by total counts of the pixel occurrences. Sum of the values in GLCM matrix = 20

MATLAB CODE:

GProb = glcm./sum(glcm(:));

MATLAB CODE:

%INITIALIZE THE VARIABLES

Con=0;

Diss=0;

Hom=0;

Asm=0;

Meanx=0;

Meany=0;

Varx=0;

Vary=0;

GLCMCorrelation=0;

%NORMALIZATION

GProb = glcm./sum(glcm(:));

for i = 1:size(glcm,1)

    for j = 1:size(glcm,2)

        ij = (i-j);

        Con = Con +(GProb(i,j).*(ij).^2);

        Diss = Diss +(GProb(i,j).*abs(ij));

        Hom = Hom +(GProb(i,j)/(1 + ij * ij));

        Asm = Asm+(GProb(i,j).^2);

        Meanx = Meanx + (GProb(i,j)*i);

        Meany = Meany + (GProb(i,j)*j);

       

    end

end

Energy = sqrt(Asm);

MaxGLCM = max(GProb(:));

Entropy = sum(-GProb .* log10(GProb+0.00001));

CG=sprintf("Contrast Group:\nContrast:%f\nDissimilarity:%f\nHomogeneity:%f\n",Con,Diss,Hom);

OG=sprintf("Orderliness Group:\nAngular Second Moment :%f\nMax Probability:%f\nEntropy:%f\nEnergy:%f\n",Asm,MaxGLCM,Entropy,Energy);

display(CG);

display(OG);

MATLAB CODE:

GLCMMean = (Meanx+Meany)/2;

%COMPUTE VARIANCE

for i = 1:size(glcm,1)

    for j = 1:size(glcm,2)

        Varx = Varx+(GProb(i,j)*(i-Meanx).^2);

        Vary = Vary+(GProb(i,j)*(j-Meany).^2);

       

    end

end

GLCMVar = (Varx+Vary)/2;

%COMPUTE CORRELATION

for i = 1:size(glcm,1)

    for j = 1:size(glcm,2)

        GLCMCorrelation = GLCMCorrelation +(GProb(i,j)*(i-Meanx)*(j-Meany)/sqrt(Varx*Vary));

    end

end

SG=sprintf("Statistics Group:\nGLCM Mean:%f\nGLCM Variance:%f\nGLCM Correlation:%f\n",GLCMMean,GLCMVar,GLCMCorrelation);

display(SG); 

EXPLANATION:

The above listed measures are computed on the normalized GLCM matrix.  

MATLAB CODE:

A = imread('cameraman.tif');

%OFFSET AND DIRECTION

Displacementx = -1;

Displacementy = 1;

  

As = (A-min(A(:)))+1;

NumQuantLevels = max(As(:));

glcm = zeros([NumQuantLevels,NumQuantLevels]);

if ( Displacementx < 0 ) 

    sx=abs(Displacementx)+1;

    ex=size(As,1);

else

    sx=1;

    ex=size(As,1)-Displacementx;

end

if ( Displacementy < 0 ) 

    sy=abs(Displacementy)+1;

    ey=size(As,2);

else

    sy=1;

    ey =size(As,2)-Displacementy;

end

for i=sx:ex

    for j=sy:ey

        glcm(As(i,j),As(i+(1*Displacementx),j+(1*Displacementy)))=glcm(As(i,j),As(i+(1*Displacementx),j+(1*Displacementy)))+1;

    end

end

GLCMProb = glcm./sum(glcm(:));

[jj,ii]=meshgrid(1:size(glcm,1),1:size(glcm,2));

ij=ii-jj;

Con = sum(sum(GLCMProb.*(ij).^2));

Diss = sum(sum(GLCMProb.*abs(ij)));

Hom = sum(sum(GLCMProb./(1+(ij).^2)));

Asm = sum(sum(GLCMProb.^2));     

Meanx = sum(sum(GLCMProb.*ii)); 

Meany = sum(sum(GLCMProb.*jj));        

Energy = sqrt(Asm);

MaxGLCM = max(GLCMProb(:));

Entropy = sum(sum(-GLCMProb .* log10(GLCMProb+0.00001)));

GLCMMean = (Meanx+Meany)/2;

Varx = sum(sum(GLCMProb.*(ii-Meanx).^2));

Vary = sum(sum(GLCMProb.*(jj-Meany).^2));

GLCMVar = (Varx+Vary)/2;

GLCMCorrelation = sum(sum(GLCMProb.*(ii-Meanx).*(jj-Meany)/sqrt(Varx*Vary)));

CG=sprintf("Contrast Group:\nContrast:%f\nDissimilarity:%f\nHomogeneity:%f\n",Con,Diss,Hom);

OG=sprintf("Orderliness Group:\nAngular Second Moment :%f\nMax Probability:%f\nEntropy:%f\nEnergy:%f\n",Asm,MaxGLCM,Entropy,Energy);

SG=sprintf("Statistics Group:\nGLCM Mean:%f\nGLCM Variance:%f\nGLCM Correlation:%f\n",GLCMMean,GLCMVar,GLCMCorrelation);

display(CG);

display(OG);

display(SG);

EXPLANATION:

The above code works also for the diagonal directions.  In this example, the diagonal direction 45 is considered with displacement of 1 pixel. The minimum value of the chosen example image, ‘cameraman.tif’ is 7 and maximum is 253 and it is scaled between 1 and 247. The quantization level is chosen as 247 so the GLCM matrix will be of size 247x247.  

NOTE:

·       Some of the measures obtained will be different from the computing using ‘graycoprops’ in MATLAB due to some difference in the equations adopted. For more reference, cross check with the MATLAB documentation

·       The input image or matrix is scaled between 1 and the maximum pixel value of the image. And the Quantization level is set based on it.